BIOLOGY KAR 1 9 : The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books or* reason* for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. To renew call Telephone Center, 333-840O UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN L161 O-1096 FIELDIANA: BOTANY A Continuation of the BOTANICAL SERIES of FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 31 The Library of the JAN 1 8 1979 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CHICAGO, U. S. A. 520.5 FB TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1. Two New Species of Palms from Nicaragua. By S. F. Glassman ... 1 2. Tropical American Plants, VI. By Louis O. Williams 11 3. Agriculture, Tehuacan Valley. By C. Earle Smith, Jr 49 4. Flora, Tehuacan Valley. By C. Earle Smith, Jr 101 5. Preliminary Studies in the Palm Genus Syagrus Mart, and Its Allies. By S. F. Glassman 145 6. Tropical American Plants, VII. By Louis 0. Williams 165 7. Supplement to Orchids of Guatemala. By Donovan S. Correll .... 175 8. Preliminary Notes on Scrophulariaceae of Peru. By Gabriel Edwin . . 223 9. New Species in the Palm Genus Syagrus Mart. By S. F. Glassman . . 233 10. Tropical American Plants, VIII. By Louis O. Williams 247 11. Notes on the Flora of Costa Rica, I. By William C. Burger 273 12. A New Eurystyles from Nicaragua. By Alfonso H. Heller 279 13. New Species in the Palm Genus Syagrus Mart. By S. F. Glassman . . 285 14. A Revision of the Family Geastraceae. By Patricio Ponce de Leon . . 303 15. Studies in American Plants. By Dorothy N. Gibson 353 16. Two New Nicaraguan Juglandaceae. By Antonio Molino R 357 17. Studies in the Palm Genus Syagrus Mart. By S. F. Glassman .... 363 18. Tropical American Plants, IX. By Louis O. Williams 401 STUDIES IN AMERICAN PLANTS DOROTHY N. GIBSON TWO NEW NICARAGUAN JUGLANDACEAE ANTONIO MOLINA R. STUDIES IN THE PALM GENUS SYAGRUS MART. S. F. GLASSMAN TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, IX LOUIS 0. WILLIAMS FIELDIANA: BOTANY VOLUME 31 NUMBERS 15, 16, 17, 18 Published by FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY MAY 23, 1968 JULH1968 mi TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, IX LOUIS 0. WILLIAMS Chief Curator of Botany, Field Museum of Natural History FIELDIANA: BOTANY VOLUME 31 NUMBER 18 Published by FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY MAY 23, 1968 PUBLICATION 1048 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 61-17730 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS Tropical American Plants, IX In the course of the studies for the next part of "Flora of Guate- mala" I have seen the collections in U. S. National Herbarium and borrowed many for closer study; Dr. C. L. Lundell kindly sent me all the Guatemalan and British Honduran "Contortae" from his herbarium for study; the type of Lisianthus oreopolus has been loaned from Gray Herbarium ; Dr. George Taylor supplied type photographs of certain critical species of Lisianthus conserved at Kew; several critical specimens were loaned by Missouri Botanical Garden. The excellent collections of Dennis Breedlove from Chiapas and Guate- mala, sent for determination, have helped to make certain Gentian- aceae more easily understandable. The Peruvian materials included indicates a continuing interest in Peruvian Amazonia. Materials have been received through Dr. Kukachka for the U. S. Forest Products Laboratory Servicio For- estal y de Caza of Peru's joint program, and through our own pro- gram with Servicio Forestal. Dr. Eizi Matuda has sent a number of Mexican Orchidaceae for determination. Two of these have proven to be undescribed species. Much of the field work and travel involved here has been made possible by grants from National Science Foundation. APOCYNACEAE Two species of Plumeria occur in the range of the "Flora of Guatemala." These are accounted for in Woodson's revision of the genus (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 202-224. 1938). Plumeria obtusa L. is represented by the var. sericifolia (C. Wright) Woodson, which differs from the species in having the under surface of the leaves, and sometimes the petioles and inflorescences, pubescent. Plumeria rubra L. is represented by an almost endless number of flower color forms. Woodson gives formal recognition to four forms: f. typica (= f. rubra), f. lutea, f. acutifolia and f. tricolor. 401 402 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31 Of these formae all have been seen in cultivation by myself in Central America. The only one which I have seen as a wild tree is the white flowered "so called" form. This appears in Dr. Woodson's account as "forma acutifolia (Ait.) Woodson, comb, nov." unfortun- ately a lapsus for the only "acutifolia" in the synonymy under P. rubra is P. acutifolia Poir. (and in Gray card index this is assumed to be basionym). However, there is a P. acuminata Ait. in the syn- onymy so that there is a question whether Dr. Woodson's lapsus involves the name or the authority. Woodson has not used the formal designation "acutifolia" on any specimen which I have seen, although he has determined speci- mens said to have white flowers with the name P. rubra L., certainly in accord with his feeling expressed in discussion in his revision. He provided names for a few outstanding color variations "for the use of those who desire some distinction in the matter." In "Flora of Guatemala" they will be provided for the same reason. Plumeria obtusa L. var. sericifolia (C. Wright) Woodson, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 214. 1938. P. sericifolia C. Wright ex Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 171. 1866. P. multiflora Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 33. 1930. Guatemala: "flor de chombo," tree, bajo del Hormiguero in tintal, Pete"n, Jan. 21, 1959, Contreras 479 (LL) ; "flor de Mayo," tree 9 inches in diameter and 30 feet high, corolla white, bajo de Santa FC", Pete*n, May 11, 1959, Lundell 15985 (LL). These are the first collections of this Plumeria which I have seen from Guatemala. It is to be found also in Mexico (Yucatan), British Honduras and on several of the islands of the West Indies. In Dr. Woodson's revision of Prestonia (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 23: 276-367. 1936) his "Section 4 Tomentosae" has four species in Central America, P. mexicana A. DC., P. amenuensis Woodson, P. isthmica and P. speciosa Donn.-Sm. Since 1936 Woodson described two more species of the group, P. allenii and P. wedelii, both from Panama. There is still another species of this group in Chiapas that must be the most attractive species of the genus, with corollas twice as large as any of the others. So far as I know this species has been collected only by Dr. Eizi Matuda. Prestonia grandiflora L. Wms. sp. nov. Liana suffruticosa, volubilis. Folia ovata, late ovata vel late obovata, abrupte acuminata, nervis utroque costae 8-10, fulvo-pubescens, breviter petiolata; flores WILLIAMS: TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, IX 403 flavae; calyx usque ad basem divisus, lobi elliptico-lanceolati, ovato-lanceolati vel lanceolati, acuti vel acuminati, obscure fulvo-pubescens; corolla grandis, 5 cm. longa vel ultra, extus pubescens, lobi late obovati, leviter obliqui. Woody rampant vines. Branches terete, fulvous pubescent, glabrous with age, 7-8 mm. or possibly more in diameter; leaves opposite, ovate to broadly ovate or broadly obovate, abruptly acuminate, rounded to the base, petiole short, 1 cm. long or less, lateral nerves 8-10 or each side of mid-nerve, sparsely fulvous pubescent above except densely so along the nerves, prominently fulvous pube- scent below, the blades 9-17 cm. long and 3.5-11 cm. broad; stipules corneous, 4-6 along the base of the petiole and interpetiolar, 2-3 mm. long; inflorescences axillary, corymbose and several times branched, bearing few to several large yellow flowers, shorter than the subtending leaf, minutely ferruginous pubescent, bracts lanceolate, to 10 mm. long; calyx divided to the base, the lobes elliptic-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, minutely fulvous pubescent, 12-14 mm. long and 3.5-5 mm. broad, bearing at the base within a single bilobate squamella or apparently sometimes missing; corolla largest of the genus, fulvous pubescent outside except along the plicae, about 6 cm. long when mature, tubular- campanulate, the basal tube about 3.5-4 cm. long to the throat, the apical portion somewhat expanded and containing the stamens, with an inconspicuous internal lamellate corona at the throat, the limb plicate, contorted in the bud, when mature the lobes about 3 mm. long and up to 2 cm. broad, divided to the throat, somewhat oblique and broadly obovate; stamens inserted below the throat, anthers linear- lanceolate, sagittate, 8-9 mm. long and about 2 mm. broad at the base, filaments about 2 mm. long, arched inward, attached peltately to the base of the stamen; carpels two with a maniculate stigma reaching to the enclosing anthers, subtended by 5 nearly separate nectaries; immature fruits densely fulvous tomentose pubes- cent. Mexico: vine, Siltepec, Chiapas, June 23, 1941, Matuda 4681 (F, LL); La Grandeza, Chiapas, alt. 2016 m., May 19, 1945, Matuda 5570 (LL) ; La Grandeza, Chiapas, alt. 2016 m., May 19, 1945, Ma- tuda 15570 (typeF). Related to Prestonia mexicana and to the several other species of the section Tomentosae, but easily distinguished from them by the very large flowers. Dr. Matuda's numbers 5570 and 15570 undoubtedly represent a single collection. Thevetia ahouai (L.) A. DC. in DC. Prodr. 8: 344. 1844. Cerbera ahouai L. Sp. PL ed. 2. 303. 1762. C. nitida HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 225. 1819. T. nitida A. DC. I.e. 345. Plumeriopsis ahouai Rusby & Woodson, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 24: 11. 1937. A shrub distributed through southern Mexico, Central America to northern South America. Drs. Rusby and Woodson have separ- ated it as a genus, Plumeriopsis, based upon presumed differences in the fruit and whether or not the corolla is infundibuliform or 404 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31 salverform. I find that the endocarp in T. ahouai is not so woody as in some other species of Thevetia, but when it is mature it is not "membranaceous." The shape of the corolla, whether infundibuli- form or salverform (Plumeriopsis) , is hardly of generic worth. The- vetia gaumeri, of southern Mexico and Guatemala, has corollas that that are somewhat intermediate between those prescribed for Plum- eriopsis and those of other Central American species of Thevetia, If Plumeriopsis were kept as a genus, then certainly Thevetia gaumeri would need to be transferred to that genus. GENTIANACEAE Dr. Steyermark has argued (Fieldiana, Bot. 28: 496-497. 1953) for the inclusion of several segregate genera allied to Lisianthus into that genus. Chelonanthus alatus (Aubl.) Pulle is the only species of Dr. Gilg's "segregate" that is to be found in Guatemala. This, along with about a dozen other species, seems to me to have some characters that argue for their retention in a genus apart from Lisianthus. The species of Chelonanthus all have corolla structure quite dif- ferent from that of Lisianthus, usually gibbous on one side and much shorter in relation to width. The inflorescence of those things that I would call Chelonanthus is a terminal once or twice bifurcately branched dichasium, the ultimate divisions being few- (one-) many- flowered secund racemes. There are no leaves in the inflorescence, i.e., the inflorescences are not borne in leaf axils and are determin- ate most often a single flower is borne in the axil of the bifurcate branches of the inflorescence and terminates its growth. The whole inflorescence is sometimes reduced to a single flower. The type species of Lisianthus is the Jamaican L. longifolius L. and we have several similar to this in Central America. The corollas are relatively long and slender and not gibbous on one side; the stem and inflorescence are tricotomously and indeterminately branched. Furthermore, these branches of the stem and inflorescences are from the axils of well-developed leaves while this is not the case in Chelonanthus. The ultimate branch of the inflorescence in no Lisian- thus available to me could be described as a secund raceme. I should describe the inflorescence of Lisianthus as paniculate. Stated in another way it might be said that the plants of Chelonan- thus are terminated by an inflorescence and mostly not otherwise branched ; Lisianthus, while variable, has few to many pairs of lateral WILLIAMS: TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, IX 405 branches and that these often multitudinous branches are ultimately terminated by one or few (often three) flowers. These Lisianthoid genera of the Gentianaceae are much in need of study. Until a careful review of them can be made upon the more adequate material now available, I prefer to follow Dr. Gilg and to maintain Chelonanthus. Gentiana adsurgens Cerv. ex Griseb. Gen. & Sp. Gent. 286. 1838. Pneumonanthe bicuspidata G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: 194. 1838. Gentiana bicuspidata Briq. Candollea 4: 324. 1931. There is some question whether Grisebach's work or that of George Don, both cited above, appeared first. The date of Don's General History, volume 4, is 1838 according to Pritzel and this date appears on the copy in Field Museum. However, Otto Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 1: CXXVII. 1891 says "Der 4. Band nach Pritzel 1838 tragt 1837 auf dem Titel." I cannot trace this information. A. H. R. Grisebach's Genera et Species Gentianearum bears the date 1839 on the title page and this is the date that Dr. Briquet used in making the transfer cited above. However, Dr. Hooker says "The manuscript was dismissed from the author's hands before the middle of 1838, and the work had actually reached London booksellers, near a month before the close of 1838." (London Jour. Bot. 4: 237. 1845). Dr. Hooker should have known for the volume was dedicated to him. Until it is proven otherwise I shall use G. adsurgens as the correct name of this plant and place Don's epithet in synonomy. There are two fragmentary Sesse" & Mocifio collections in Field Museum, one bearing number 682, the other 1368. It is not unlikely that one of these represents authentic material. Pringle's 4309 and 15007 are the same species. Dennis Breedlove and Peter Raven have recently collected this species in the Mexican state of Chiapas, no great distance from Guatemala, where the species may be ex- pected. (Breedlove 12^3; Breedlove and Raven Gentiana guatemalensis Standl. & Steyerm. Field Mus. Bot. 23: 75. 1944, and G. lewisiae Standl. & Steyerm. 1. c. 76. These two gentians occur on the high mountains of Guatemala, the first in the Cuchumatanes Mountains and the second in the Sierra Madre. We now have several collections of each of them. The two seem to retain the cited characters, or at least part of them, but these characters are not too impressive in the Gentianaceae. 406 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31 We shall leave both species in "Flora of Guatemala" but call atten- tion to their similarity. These species are closely related to G. adsurgens, mentioned above. Halenia crassiuscula Rob. & Seaton, Proc. Am. Acad. 28: 113. 1893. A collection of this species was made from Cerro Maria Tecum in the Sierra Madre of Guatemala (Williams, Molina & Williams 23164) from which a selection of six plants was made to illustrate the variation found. Two extremes of flower forms from this col- lection are illustrated for "Flora of Guatemala." LISIANTHUS IN CENTRAL AMERICA An account of the genus Lisianthus for "Flora of Guatemala" required a review of those of the five Central American countries, Panama and some of those found in Mexico that extend to Central America. Twenty-five species have been credited to or described from Central America, including one proposed here. Three of these, L. tetragonus Benth., L. crassicaulis Mart. & Gal. and L. oerstedii Grieseb. are synonyms of Chelanthus alatus (Aubl.) Gilg; one L. browallioides is a genus not previously known in North America; the remainder are species of Lisianthus. These are given below with my understanding of them. Lisianthus auratus Standl. Trop. Woods 37: 29. 1934. De- scribed from central Honduras from whence the type and four ad- ditional collections (Williams & Williams 18382, 18707; Molina 6358, 6524.). A single collection is known from British Honduras (Hunt 401) and one from Guatemala (Steyermark 31603). Three collections from the Atlantic coastal plain of Nicaragua (Molina 15037, 15171, 15206), I cannot distinguish from the Honduran material except that the flowers are a bit smaller. The veinlets in the membranaceous leaves ot this species are not like those of any other collection of this genus known to me. They form aereolate reticulations similar to those in leaves of certain species of Polypo- dium. The relationship of this species is probably with L. breviden- tatus. Lisianthus axillaris Hemsl. Biol. Cent. Am. Bot. 2: 344. 1882. L. francisiae Sprague, Kew Bull. 1928: 8. 1928. A distinctive species known only from British Honduras. The inflorescence is reduced usually to a single (red) flower in the axils of leaves. WILLIAMS: TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, IX 407 Lisianthus brevidentatus (Hemsl.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 420. 1891, as Lisianthius. Leianthus brevidentatus Hemsl. Biol. Cent. Am. Bot. 2: 344. 1882. L. quichensis Donn.-Sm. Bot. Gaz. 52: 51. 1935. L. calciphilus Standl. & Steyerm. Field Mus. Bot. 22: 267. 1940. L. elatus Standl. & Steyerm., I.e. L. petensis Standl. & Steyerm. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 84: 46. 1957. There are differences in the material that I have tentatively placed here as L. brevidentatus. The differences, however, seem to be ones that depend on the stage of growth and what might well be individual differences in plants. Some have the inflorescence much reduced while in others the top of the plant is diffusely branched and superficially appears quite different from the others. There seems to be minor differences in the calyx and in the lobing of the corolla but nothing that is easily defined. The plant is known from Mexico, Guatemala and British Honduras, mostly at middle to low elevations. Lisianthus nigrescens var. nigrescens. Lisianthus nigrescens Schlecht. & Cham. Linnaea 6: 388. 1831; Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. 45: 398. 1910. Leianthus nigrescens Griseb. Gen. & Sp. Gent. 199. 1838. Petasostylis nigrescens Griseb. in DC. Prodr. 9: 71. 1845. This species was described from a Schiede & Deppe collection made at Papantla (Vera Cruz, Mexico) and is fairly widely dis- tributed through eastern and southern Mexico and extends to Guate- mala. I have seen but one specimen from Guatemala that seems to belong to the typical variety. Miss Perkins in her monographic study of Lisianthus (Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 31: 493. 1902) included in L. nigrescens Bertoloni's L. cuspidatus and possibly specimens were cited that are the same as Dr. Robinson's L. oreopolus described some years later. Although Dr. Robinson thought L. cuspidatus to be close to L. nigrescens, he cited several characters which he thought would separate the two species. The characters that he pointed out to separate L. cuspidatus leaves with subcuneate bases, corolla more deeply lobed with the lobes surpassing the pistil begin to lose their significance with more adequate collections. The relatively large and deeply lobed corolla seems to occur on specimens now known from Chiapas and from Guatemala. I would separate this as a variety, rather than to submerge it entirely as did Miss Perkins or to maintain it as a separate entity as did Dr. Robinson, but would call attention to the possibility that the two black flowered varieties may eventually be shown to be the same when still more 408 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31 collections are available. Dr. Robinson described L. oreopolus at the same time and compared it to L. nigrescens, apparently not realizing that it is hardly more than a color and geographical variety of the plant which he maintained as L. cuspidatus. Lisianthus nigrescens var. cuspidatus (Bertoloni) L. Wms. comb. nov. Lisianthus cuspidatus Bertoloni, Nov. Comm. Acad. Bonon. 4:408, t. 37. 1840. Differs from the typical variety in larger corollas which are more deeply lobed. Hooker has illustrated this variety (Bot. Mag. 69: t. 404-3. 1843) under the name of Leianthus nigrescens (Schlecht. & Cham.) Griseb. The specimen was grown from seeds sent from Guatemala by Skinner. Lisianthus nigrescens var. oreopolus (Rob.) L. Wms. comb, nov. Lisianthus oreopolus Rob. Proc. Am. Acad. 45: 398. 1910. This variety is an almost exact duplicate of var. cuspidatus in flower size and lobing. The flower color, clear yellow, is so strikingly different from the near "black" of the var. cuspidatus that upon first examination the two might not be associated. This variety is known to me only from the state of Chiapas (Mexico) and so far as I know its range does not overlap with that of var. cuspidatus. I have had the privilege of examining the type, in Gray Herbarium, of L. oreopolus Rob. (Chiapas, etc., ann. 1864-70, Dr. Ghiesbreght 702 bis) . Recently I have received for determination four excellent collections from Chiapas, Breedlove 64.77, 10996, 11015 and 12069. Lisianthus peduncularis L. Wms. sp. nov. Herbae suffruticosae vel frutices usque ad 3 m. altae. Folia elliptica, ovalia vel ovato-oblanceolata, acuminata, subcarnosa; inflorescentiae longe pedunculatae, pauciflorae; corolla campanulato-tubulosa, lobi angusti ovati, acuminati: capsula ellipsoidea. Suffruticose herbs or subshrubs to 3 m. tall. Stems leafy, becoming leafless below and with prominent leaf -scars, leafy above; leaves elliptic to oval or ovate- oblanceolate, abruptly acuminate, attenuated at the base into a petiole 1-2 cm. long or sometimes longer, somewhat fleshy, with 3-4 pairs of arching lateral nerves, joined at the base by a scarious interpetiolar "stipule" which is decidious but leaves a prominent scar; inflorescence dichasioid, borne from the axils of leaves on long peduncles to 10-15 cm. long, these branched above the middle and each with about nine flowers; flowers yellow; calyx 7-9 mm. long, the lobes 5-6 cm. long and 1-1.5 mm. broad, linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, margin scarious; corolla 5-6 cm. long at anthesis, campanulate-tubular, the basal one-third constricted to a narrow tube and somewhat marcescent, then broadening to 7-9 mm. in diameter FIG. 1. Lisianthus peduncularis L. Wms. A, habit, X K. B, dissected flower showing stamens and pistil, X 1J^. C, internode showing interpetiolar stipule, X 3. 409 410 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31 at the middle then again somewhat constricted at the throat, the corolla lobes 6- 8 mm. long and 2-3 mm. broad, narrowly ovate, acuminate, dextrorsely contorted in the bud, erect; stamens 5, about as long as the corolla or slightly exceeding it, attached about 1 cm. above the base of the corolla, anthers about 3 mm. long, oblong, versatile; capsule ellipsoidal, 12-14 mm. long and 3-4 mm. in diameter when mature. Panama: flowers yellow, tips of the lobes green, woody herbs fairly common along trail, vicinity of La Mesa, north of El Valle de Anton, Prov. Code", alt. 1,000 m., May 12, 1941, Allen & Allen; flowers yellow, shrub 1-2 m. tall, El Valle de Anton, alt. 1,000 m., March 16, 1946, Allen 3^10 (MO, type; illustration from type); flowers yellow with green lobes, shrub 3 m., Cerro Pajita, hills north of El Valle de Anton, alt. 1,000-1,200 m., Feb. 7, 1947, Allen & Allen M87 (MO). Lisianthus peduncularis is closely related to L. skinneri of those species found in continental North America. It may be distinguished from that by its larger and long acuminate corolla lobes and by the calyx which is twice as long and with narrower lobes. The long pedunculate, few-flowered inflorescences are characteristic of both species mentioned, and of the West Indian (Jamaican) L. latifolius Sw. The Gentianiaceae are said to be without stipules, as are all or most families of the Sympetalae, with the notable exception of the Rubiaceae. However, in this and some other species of Lisianthus there are structures much like the interpetiolar stipules found in the Rubiaceae. Whether these are called "sheathing leaf bases" or "stipules" is of little importance for their origin would seem to be the same. Lisianthus saponarioides Schlecht. & Cham. Linnaea 6: 389. 1831. Leianthus saponarioides Griseb. Gen. & Sp. Gent. 198. 1838. Petasostylis saponarioides Griseb. in DC. Prodr. 9: 71. 1845. Lisi- anthus meianthus Donn.-Sm. Bot. Gaz. 52: 51. 1911. Lisianthus congestus Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 561: 82. 1935. This species is unlike the other species of the genus in Central America in that the lobes of the corolla are widely spreading. Grise- bach based his genus Petasostylis on this species but added to it L. nigrescens, which is less related to L. saponarioides than to L. longifolius L. The species is found in Mexico (from whence I have seen no specimens, authentic or otherwise) in Guatemala and British Honduras. WILLIAMS: TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, IX 411 Lisianthus seemannii (Griseb.) Perkins in Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 31: 491. 1902. Leianthus seemannii Griseb. in Seemann, Bot. Voy. Herald 170. 1854. Lisianthus corymbosus Perkins, I.e. This species is related to L. brevidentatus but is easily distin- guished superficially by the longer and more prominent lobes of the relatively shorter corolla. The species is not uncommon in Costa Rica, it is occasional in Panama and is the only species of Lisianthus subg. Lisianthus that I know to occur in South America. A single specimen (Haught 1+652, F, US) has been collected in the department of Antioquia, Colombia. A type photograph of L. seemannii from Kew shows that L. corymbosa Perkins, which has been the name commonly used for this taxon, is a synonym. Lisianthus skinneri (Hemsl.) 0. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 429. 1891. Leianthus skinneri Hemsl. Biol. Cent. Am. Bot. 2: 345. 1882. Lisianthus arcuatus Perkins in Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 31: 492. 1902. I know this species from Guatemala only from the photograph of the type specimen at Kew, which bears the data "Guatemala, Skinner." The species is known from Honduras, is quite common in Costa Rica and is occasional in Panama. Most specimens in herbaria will be found under L. arcuatus. Lisianthus viscidiflorus Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. 45: 398. 1910. Known to me only from Alta Verapaz. It is easily distinguished from all the other species of Lisianthus by the relatively short calyx lobes and the red flowers, or green ones tinged with red. VOYRIA AND LEIPHAIMOS 1 1 Since this account of Voyria and Leiphaimos was prepared A. Raynal has published an "Etude Critique des Genres Voyria et Leiphaimos (Gentianaceae) et Revision des Voyria d'Afrique" in Adansonia ser. 2, 7: 53-71, illus. 1967. There is a good account of the history of the saprophytic gentians with some quite good drawings. Raynal has kept three saprophytic genera, Voyria, Voyriella and Leiphaimos, as I would do, but he has restricted Leiphaimos to the type species; Voyriella with two species in tropical South America; and Voyria with some 15 species in South and Central America, the Antilles and tropical Africa. The main difference between Mr. Raynal's findings and mine is that he re- stricts Leiphaimos to the type species, while I believe that the genus is not mono- typic. This difference of opinion is due in part surely to the materials which we had to study, his principal concern being with the African kinds and mine with the more abundant kinds of Central America and Mexico. Mr. Raynal did not concern himself greatly with seed and capsule characters which I believe to be the best and easiest characters to use for they are almost always available. Seed and capsule characters, with others pointed out here, seem to provide a means of separating these plants into supra specific units. 412 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31 The relatively few species of saprophytic Gentianaceae in Central America have been placed either in Voyria or Leiphaimos, or in both. There is no modern revision of the group but there is possibly now enough material available to make such a study worthwhile. The South American species should be studied at the same time for un- usual distribution is surely to be found in the group. The study of the Central American kinds for "Flora of Guate- mala" seems to indicate that the two traditional genera Voyria and Leiphaimos are valid but I have shifted the emphasis on characters, using the character of wingless ovoid or trigonous seeds and the lack of elator-like hairs along the suture inside the capsule in Voyria, in contrast to minute flat seeds with narrow terminal or lateral, often almost hair-like wings or appendages and with elator-like hairs along the sutures inside the capsule in Leiphaimos. This will give a basic division between the species of the group. The species with winged seeds have very much reduced tight cauline bracts. The inflorescence consists of one or very few flowers. The calyx seems to be ephemeral, often the lobes soon fall away. There may also be correlation in the way the capsule ruptures, only laterally in the species with winged seeds. The species with wingless seeds and no elator-like hairs in the capsule, which I call Voyria, have relatively large cauline bracts that are loose and normally surround the stem, the inflorescence is from one- to several-flowered. The calyx is well developed and persistent. The capsule may rupture through the apex but I suspect not in some cases. There appears to be a difference in the root structure in some species but not enough specimens with roots are available to be use- ful in such a study. I have seen the types of all the species of Leiphaimos described from Panama by Standley (in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 194-200. 1919). The six new species described in that place all seem to me to belong to Voyria and all except one seem to be valid. Two other species included in the account are Leiphaimos. It is curious also that all six of these new species were collected by Pittier from one locality in a period of less than two months. One of these species is still known only from the type. Five of them are known to have wider ranges, and three of these four extend their range to British Honduras and Guatemala, and thus within the range of the "Flora of Guatemala." WILLIAMS: TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, IX 413 There would seem to be two subgeneric groups in Voyria, as represented in Central America, and likewise two subgeneric groups in Leiphaimos. Voyria alba (Standl.) L. Wms. comb. nov. Leiphaimos albus Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 198. 1919. British Honduras: Gentle 9279 (LL) ; Petty 92 (F) ; Schipp S-505 (F). Honduras: Standley 55391 (F). Nicaragua: Englesing 297 a (F). Panama: Brown 152a (F); Dodge et al. 16927 (US); Kenoyer 4.95 (US) ; Pittier 4094 (US), 4295 (US). Colombia: H aught 1790 (US). Voyria alba often has been confused with Leiphaimos parasitica, although the two are distinguished by several characters. Leiphaimos montana Jonker, discribed from Surinam, is similar. Voyria trini- tensis Griseb. from Trinidad is apparently the species to which V. alba is most closely related. Voyria pittieri (Standl.) L. Wms. comb. nov. Leiphaimos pittieri Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20 : 197. 1919. Panama: forests around Puerto Obaldia, San Bias coast, alt. 0-50 m., Pittier 4292 (type, US; photo F). There is additional data on the type sheet in Standley 's script: "stem dark purple; corolla tube purplish; the lobes violet, with a white ring and dark blue lines at throat," doubtless from Pittier's field book. Colombia: flores violaceas, en los alrededores del Rio Ampur- rumiado en selva muy humeda, alt. 220 m., 11 Oct. 1947, Gutierrez & Barkley 17C225 (F); a saprophyte with purple stems and snowy white flowers, vicinity of Barranca Bermeja, Magdalena Valley, be- tween Sogamoso and Colorado Rivers, dept. Santander, alt. 100-500 m., Dec. 19, 1961, H aught 1461 (US). Venezuela: flowers deep blue with white crown at throat, in forests of Lora River, Zulia, 12 Dec. 1922, Pittier 10919 (US). Voyria pulcherrima (Standl.) L. Wms. comb. nov. Leiphaimos pulcherrimus Standl., Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 199. 1919. Panama: hills back of Puerto Obaldia, San Bias coast, alt. 50- 200 m., August 1911, Pittier 4306 (type, US). 414 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31 This is the only one of the six species described by Standley, I.e., that is not now known from a wider range. Voyria spruceana Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 6: 197. 1854. Leiphaimos stellatus Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 197. 1919. Panama: flowers yellow, forests around Puerto Obaldia, San Bias coast, alt. 0-50 m., Aug. 1911, Pittier 4294 (type of L. stellatus Standl.). Brazil : Rio Negro, Amazonas, Holt & Blake 562 (US) . My understanding of V. spruceana is based on the Holt & Blake specimen which was "compared with the type at Kew by A. C. S. [mith]." This specimen matches the type of L. stellatus Standl. very closely. Voyria thalesioides (Standl.) L. Wms. comb. nov. Leiphaimos thalesioides Standl., Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 198. 1919. British Honduras: small plant, flowers yellow, in Cohune ridge, near Jacinto Creek, Toledo district; January 31, 1945, Gentle 5182 (LL; photo, F). Panama: stems purplish-yellow, hills of Sperdi, near Puerto Obal- dia, San Bias coast, alt. 20-200 m., Sept. 1911, Pittier 4351, in part (type, US). The type specimen, unfortunately, is a mixed collection. The flower used by Standley for dissection is still in a pocket on the type sheet and indicates that it was taken from the largest plant on the sheet which is here designated the holotype. The other plant on this sheet is a single stem and flower of Voyria pittieri (Standl.) L. Wms. In preparing manuscript for "Flora of Guatemala" I had desig- nated the Gentle collection as a new species for it seemed to fit none of the descriptions of species previously described. An examination of the type of Voyria thalesioides, with admixture of another species, showed that the principal part of that was the same as the specimen from British Honduras. I have not seen the type or any other specimen of Leiphaimos stenoloba Jtn. (Sargentia 8: 243. 1949) from San Jos Island, Panama. It must be very close to Voyria thalesioides, if not the same. Voyria truncata (Standl.) Standl. & Steyerm. Field Mus. Bot. 23: 78. 1944. Leiphaimos truncatus Standl. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. WILLIAMS: TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, IX 415 20: 196. 1919. Voyria allenii Steyerm. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 28: 460. 1941. Guatemala: Steyermark 41610, 41892, 45701 (F). Nicaragua: Schramm 52 (US). Panama: Allen 2240 (F) ; Pittier 4306a (US). This is the largest of the Central American species of Voyria. HUMIRIACEAE Vantanea parviflora Lam. Journ. Hist. Nat. Par. 1: 145, /. 7. 1792; Cuatrecasas, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 35: 74. 1961. Peru: "Loro shungo." Arbol de 20 m. y 0.5 m. de diametro, flores blancas, bosque humedo tropical, Santa Maria, Rio Nanay, Dtto. Alto Nanay, Pcia. Maynas, Depto. Loreto, alt. 150 m., 19 setiembre 1963, Arostegui Vargas 129; same tree, fruits, 3 marzo 1964, Ardstegui Vargas 149. This wide-spread species has not been reported from Peru pre- viously. The collector says the tree is used in house construction, for fire wood and to make charcoal. OLEACEAE FRAXINUS IN GUATEMALA: The ashes approach their southern limit in Guatemala and the amount of material available for study is limited and much of it sterile, including two types. Dr. Standley, when he prepared the preliminary manuscript for "Flora of Guate- mala," gave six species for the country. I am able to distinguish only three but there are involved sterile type specimens. Fraxinus cavekiana Standl. & Steyerm., Field Mus. Bot. 23: 74. 1944. The type is in fruit and these are the largest for any species of Mexico or Central America known to me. There are 13 more speci- mens determined with this name by Standley, all but one sterile and quite possibly at least two species are represented. The lateral leaflets on the type are essentially sessile but this is not so with some of the sterile material associated with this name. The species is maintained in "Flora of Guatemala" but only localities known for fruiting material are given. Fraxinus purpusii Brandegee, Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 4: 90. 1910. 416 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31 Several collections from western Guatemala have been deter- mined by Standley as F. purpusii. This seems doubtful and they do not match too well authentic material available. The break in distribution is not a reasonable one, from highland Mexico to east- ern Guatemala, with no intermediate stations. I have placed these Guatemalan specimens tentatively with F. vellerea. Fraxinus schiedeana Schlecht. & Cham. Linnaea 6: 391. 1831. Reported from Guatemala on a sterile specimen taken from a "shrub" (Steyermark 51640). It is doubtful if it is F. schiedeana. Not included in the flora. Fraxinus vellerea Standl. & Steyerm. Field Mus. Bot. 23: 74. 1944; F. bicolor Standl. & Steyerm. I.e. 73. Types of both these species are from eastern Guatemala and both are sterile. I feel that these two names represent phases of the same species. Possibly Guatemalan material named F. purpusii by Stand- ley is but a less pubescent phase of this. Tentatively I am placing this material together, and selecting F. vellerea as the acceptable name because the type specimen came from a tree, while the type of S. bicolor came from a "shrub," possibly a sapling. ORCHIDACEAE Epidendrum liparidoglossum L. Wms. sp. nov. Herbae epiphyticae usque ad 30 cm. vel ultrae. Caules ramosi, apice bi- foliati; folia lineari-elliptica vel lineari-lanceolata, acuta; inflorescentia brevis, 3-5-flora, fractiflexa; sepalum dorsale ellipticum vel anguste oblanceolatum, acutum vel acuminatum, 5-nervium; sepala lateralia elliptica, acuminata, 5-nervia; petala oblanceolata, obtusa, 3-nervia; labellum oblongum vel oblongo-subcorda- tum, basis auriculi retrorsi ornatum; discus basi bicallosus; columna generis. Epiphytic herbs to 30 cm. long or probably much longer. The stems much branched but the individual branches mostly less than 10 cm. long, covered at first with infundibuliform sheaths, becoming naked with age, the individual branches with a pair of subopposite leaves at or near the apex, internodes 1-2.5 cm. apart, roots developing along stem as the plant becomes older; leaves linear- elliptic or linear-lanceolate, acute, 4.5-8 cm. long and 0.4-0.9 cm. broad; inflores- cence a short subterminal, 3-5-flowered fractiflex raceme up to 3 cm. long; flowers rather small for the genus, short pedicellate, subtended by oblong, acute, cucullate bracts 3-6 mm. long; dorsal sepal elliptic or narrowly oblanceolate, acute or narrowly oblanceolate, acute or acuminate, 5-nerved, 8-11 mm. long and 3-3.5 mm. broad; petals oblanceolate, obtuse, 3-nerved, about 7-10 mm. long and 2-2.3 mm. broad; lip oblong or oblong-subcordate, the retrorse basal auricles prominent, the WILLIAMS: TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, IX 417 disc provided with two small lamellate-mammilate calluses at the apex of the column and with 1-3 obscure raised longitudinal ridges with 3 main nerves with lateral branches, column 6-8 mm. long. Mexico: en bosque alto, ladera humida, Cerro de Ahuacatitlan, Almoloya de Alquisteras, estado de Mexico, alt. 1700 m., 29-30 marzo 1954, Matuda 30583 (type in Herbarium of Field Museum) . This species is another of those that might be placed either in section Epidendrum or section Encyclium. Ames, Hubbard and Schweinfurth in their "The Genus Epidendrum" (1936) have placed species of this relationship in both sections. I feel that it should be placed in section Epidendrum for most characters indicate this. The short leaf-bearing stems with two sub-opposite and nearly ter- minal leaves, however, point to section Encyclium. A close relative of this species is not known to me. The specific name recalls the shape of the lip often found in Asiatic species of Liparis. Moss attached to the specimens indicate that it was found in wet mossy forest. Epidendrum matudae L. Wms. sp. nov. Herbae epiphyticae vel terrestres usque ad 30 cm. vel ultra. Folia subcoriacea, lanceolata, acuta, apice obscure bilobata; inflorescentia pauciflora, subumbellata; sepalum dorsale late oblanceolatum, acutum, 5-nervatum; sepala lateralia late oblanceolata, acuta vel obtusa, 5-nervata; petala oblanceolata, obtusa, 3-nervata; labellum profunde trilobatum, discus prope apicem columnae bicallosus, lobi laterales late ovati et paulo obliqui, lobus medius ellipticus, unicarinatus; columna generis. Terrestrial or epiphytic herbs of unknown size, specimen in hand about 30 cm. long. Stem cane-like, somewhat flattened above, covered with leaf sheaths, the leaves 1-3 cm. apart; leaves deciduous, subcoriaceous, lanceolate, acute and obscurely bilobed at the apex, about 7-11 cm. long and 1.5-2 cm. broad; inflores- cence terminal, to some 7 cm. long, few-flowered and the flowers subumbellate at the apex, peduncle with 3-4 scarious sheathing bracts below, bracts subtending flowers, lanceolate, acuminate, about 5 mm. long; flowers apparently yellowish, borne on slender pedicels about 2 cm. long; dorsal sepal broadly oblanceolate, acute, 5-nerved, 10-12 mm. long and about 5 mm. broad; lateral sepals broadly oblanceolate, slightly oblique, shortly carnate dorsally at the apex, acute or obtuse, 5-nerved, 10-12 mm. long and about 5 mm. broad; petals oblanceolate, obtuse, 3-nerved, about 10 mm. long and 3 mm. broad near the apex; lip adnate up to the apex of the column, deeply 3-lobed, somewhat fleshy, disc with a pair of lamellate- mammillate calluses at the apex of the column, lateral lobes widely spreading, broadly ovate and slightly oblique, each about 5 mm. long and 4 mm. broad, mid- lobe less than half as large as the laterals, elliptic, with a median fleshy carina, about 4 mm. long and 2 mm. broad; column about 8 mm. long. 418 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31 Mexico: en ladera humida, bosque mixto claro, Valle de Mexico, Tepoztlan, Morelos, alt. 1700 m., 8 junio 1952, Matuda 26360 (type in Herbarium of Field Museum). Epidendrum matudae belong to Epidendrum section Epidendrum and appears to be most closely related to E. oaxacanum Rolfe ex Ames of which I do not have a specimen for comparison but the description of the leaves and of the flowers seems to indicate adequate differences. The flowers of E. oaxacanum have lips in which the lobes are relatively smaller than in the present species, except the mid-lobe which is larger and differently shaped. Spiranthes valida (Ames) L. Wms. comb. nov. Sarcogloltis valida Ames, Sched. Orch. 2: 12. 1923. Nicaragua: lip and petals yellow-green, sepals more greenish, terrestrial in dry woods near Rio Estanzuela, about 8 km. southwest of Esteli, Depto. Esteli, alt. 1160 m., January 9, 1967, Williams & Molina 20188 (F, EAP) ; Jinotega grade above the town of Jinotega, Depto. Jinotega [Cordillera Central de Nicaragua], alt. 1100 m., February 1962, A. H. Heller 4206 (F). When preparing "An Enumeration of the Orchidaceae of Central America, British Honduras and Panama" (Ceiba 5: 32. 1956) I placed this species as a synonym of Spiranthes acaulis (J. E. Sm.) Cogn. These recent Nicaraguan collections seem to indicate that the species is distinct and in the field it looks very different from S. acaulis. RHAMNACEAE Berchemia scandens (Hill) Trelease, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. 5: 364. 1889. Mexico: Aguacatenango, Municipio Venustiano Carranza, Chia- pas, alt. 5900 ft., April 12, 1965, Breedlove 9655; San Cristobal las Casas, Municipio San Cristobal las Casas, Chiapas, alt. 7100 ft., July 4, 1965, Breedlove 10710. The genus Berchemia is rare in Mexico. It is widely distributed through the southeastern United States and is known from a single specimen from Baja Verapaz in Guatemala. Zizyphus thrysiflora Bentham, Bot. Voy. Sulph. 78. 1844. WILLIAMS: TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, IX 419 Peru: "Ebano." Hualtaco, Distrito Pampas de Hospital, Pcia. Tumbas, Depto. Tumbes, June 10, 1964, Jose Vargas Alvarez 40', same data, same tree in fruit, Vargas A. 41. This Zizyphus is new to the flora of Peru but may have been ex- pected in Tumbes for the species is not uncommon along the Ecua- doran Pacific region, from whence it was originally described. This particular tree, which was given field number 30-T, was said by the collector to be about 0.5 m. in diameter and 20 m. tall. It is used for ties, planks and to make beds for trucks or ox carts. RHIZOPHORACEAE Rhizophora mangle L. Sp. PI. 443. 1753. Peru: "Mangle dulce." Isla don Pancho, Tumbes, March 3, 1964, Jose Vargas Alvarez 35. Macbride comments (Field Mus. Bot. 13, part 4, No. 1 : 220. 1941) upon this conspicuous plant of tropical shores being absent in Peru and postulates that this may be due to the lack along the Peruvian coast of the muddy flats and estuaries usually inhabited by the mangrove. This is the only collection known to me from Peruvian territory and it may be assumed that it did occur along muddy shores. STERCULIACEAE The genus Pterygota Schott & Endlicher was described to contain a tree of India then called Sterculia alata of Roxburgh. Schumann in "Flora Brasiliensis" described the genus Basiloxylon to contain a single species, B. rex (Mart.) Schum. A few years later, in Pflan- zenf. 3 6 : 98. 1895, where Schumann wrote the account of the Ster- culiaceae he changed this to Basiloxylon brasiliensis (Allemao & Allemao) Schum., without mentioning B. rex. The next mention of the complex in America is in "Flora of Guatemala" where attention is called to a tree belonging here but with inadequate material. Standley, who wrote the note in "Flora of Guatemala," called attention to the similiarty of Pterygota and Basiloxylon. In 1952 Dr. Cuatrecasas described Pterygota colombiana, a Colom- bian species with quite distinct leaves (very similar to those of specimens called Sterculia pruriens Schum.) but still with winged seeds. 420 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31 Standley and myself described Basiloxylon excelsum in 1952, bringing to three the number of species of the complex in America. Kostermans (Reinwardtia 5: 415-417, fig. 1961) wrote a short note, rather loosely worded, about the group. He transferred Ba- siloxylon excelsum to Pterygota, even though be felt the species would prove to be the same as P. brasiliensis. There has now come to hand additional material of the complex from Peru, and I saw trees of the species there in December, 1966. An attempt to place the plant has brought a review of the American kinds. I feel now that Standley was correct in suggesting that Basil- oxylon perhaps was not distinct from Pterygota. Even to follow Ben- tham & Hooker (Gen. PL 1: 218. 1862) and place Pterygota in Sterculia has some merit. The seeds of Pterygota are winged, those of Sterculia are not. Pterygota seems to have a large number of seeds in each cell of the ovary while those of Sterculia seem to be limited in number. Pterygota brasiliensis Allemao & Allemao 1 (Basiloxylon brasiliense Schum.) is known to me only from eastern Brazil and apparently does not get into the Amazon basin. It is easily distinguished on leaf characters from the other American species. Pterygota excelsa (Standl. & L. Wms.) Kostermans (Basiloxylon excelsum Standl. & L. Wms.) is the only species of the complex known in North America. It is easily distinguished from the two previously described species, both in morphology and range. It occurs in Guatemala and Costa Rica. Contrary to Kostermans' statement the species was not described from fruit only, but Koster- mans mentioned leaves in the next sentence. There has now appeared abundant material of another species from Amazonian Peru. This species is more closely related to P. excelsa from Central America than it is to P. brasiliensis from eastern South America. This is not an unnatural distribution, although perhaps somewhat unusual. Futhermore, Tobias Lasser has re- ported that fruits of this genus have been found in Venezuela. The genus Pterygota encompasses a large geographical area with relatively few species. Ceylon, India and China have two species; southeast Asia has five described species; there are ten described 1 Neither Schumann nor Kostermans, if they saw the original publication, noticed that there were two authors, Francisco and Manuel Friere Allemao, given on the dust cover. WILLIAMS: TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, IX 421 from tropical Africa; and two more from Madagascar. There are now three species known from South America, one from eastern Brazil and two from the Amazon drainage. There is a single species known in North America. Pterygota amazonica L. Wms. sp. nov. Arbor excelsa 45 metralis vel ultra. Ramis peltato-pubescens, glabrescens; folia longipetiolata, glabra vel obscure peltato-pubescens, glabrescens, late ovata vel late obovata, basi truncata vel subcordata, apice abrupte et breviter acuminata; fructus magnus, lignosus, transverse ovalis et apiculatis; semina plusminusve 20, alata, parte seminifera incrassata. Tall deciduous forest trees to about 45 m. and about 1 m. in diameter, mature trees in the forest with branches only near the top; branchlets terete or minutely striate when dry, obscurely pubescent with minute peltate scales, these soon deciduous, apparently leafy only near the apex; leaves long petiolate, the petioles 6-10 cm. long and about 0.2 cm. in diameter, glabrous or with minute peltate scales, soon glabrous, slightly thickened toward the apex; leaf blades from broadly ovate to broadly obovate, broadest at or slightly above the middle, truncate or slightly cordate at the base, the apex with a broad short acumen mostly less than 1 cm. long; mature leaves 14-19 cm. long and 12-15 cm. broad, with 5 prominent palmate nerves at the base, the pair near the mid-nerve with 3-5 lateral nerves only on the outer side, main nerve with 3-4 pairs of lateral nerves, these without prominent lateral (tertiary) veins, veinlets between nerves nearly at a right angle to the veins; the axils of the secondary veins at attachment with flap-like structures almost always have been inhabited by insects and galls formed there, flaps also formed in the axils of the veins at apex of petiole (these mostly not inhabited); inflorescences axillary, few-flowered, relatively short; fruit large, woody, borne on a long stipe, transversely ovoid and apiculate, surface fuscous, farinaceous or minutely stellate tomentose, about 10-12 cm. long from stipe to apex and about 10 cm. thick parallel to suture, about 6 cm. thick contrary to suture; seeds about 20, 6-7 cm. long and 2-2.5 cm. broad including the brown spongy wing, narrowly oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, the fertile base thick and hard. Peru: "paujilruru." Arbol 44 metros de alto y de 1 metro de diametro, bosque seco tropical, carretera a Tournavista, distrito Honoria, provincia Pachitea, departamento de Huanuco, altitud 280 metros sobre nivel del mar, 22 setiembre 1965, Eduardo Jenssen S. 44- (type for mature leaves, F) ; el mismo arbol con frutos pardo ob- scuros, 15 julio 1965, Eduardo Jenssen S. 36 (type for mature fruits, F) ; el mismo arbol flores (inmaduras) en pequenos racimos axilares, 31 julio 1965, Eduardo Jenssen S. 37. [Todas las colecciones citadas el Ing. Jenssen colecto de un solo drbol. Este arbol tenia el numero 64-P, para record en el bosque.] The three collections and wood samples were made from the same tree by Ing. Jenssen. For purposes of record the tree in the forest was numbered 64-P. The species is said by Ing. Jenssen to FIG. 2. Pterygota amazonica L. Wms. A, branchlet, X 1 A. B, mature fruit from the side, X H- C, mature fruit showing suture. D, winged seed, X Vi. 422 WILLIAMS: TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, IX 423 be used commonly for lumber. The locality given is along the Rio Pachitea about 20 km. above its confluence with Rio Ucuyali. Pterygota amazonica is closely allied to P. excelsa of Central America. The difference in localities covers a large part of neo- tropical rain forest area, but it may be assumed that the great gap will eventually be lessened as knowledge of the neotropics increases. The fruits of P. amazonica are larger and differently shaped than those of P. excelsa, the seeds are smaller, the wings much narrower, and more symmetrical. The leaves in the two species are very similar; in P. amazonica there are five veins from the apex of the petiole and only the pair near the mid-nerve produces lateral veins on the outer side; in P. excelsa there are seven veins from the apex of the petiole and the two pairs nearest the mid-rib produce lateral veins; the "flaps" at the juncture of the veins in P. amazonica are apparently more prominent and most had been inhabited by insects and galls formed, in P. excelsa the "flaps" are prominent but none on an isotype had been inhabited. STYRACEAE The Styraceae was revised by Miss J. Perkins for Engler's Pflan- zenreich IV. 241: 1-111. 1907. There were accepted in this revision some one hundred species for the world. The number of these cred- ited to Mexico, Central America and Panama were relatively few and more than half were described by Miss Perkins. All those for Central America as well as those described from Mexico were studied in the preparation of the manuscript for the "Flora of Guatemala." A revision of the American species of Styrax should prove interesting and quite possibly would provide results different from those which I arrived at in the study of the group for "Flora of Guatemala." There follows a list of the names that have been applied to Cen- tral American species and of some Mexican ones where floristic relationship is to Central America. Styrax argenteus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 2: 60. 1836. This is the oldest name for what seems to me to be the common and widespread species of Mexico and Central America. The type was collected by Haenke near "Acapulco," Mexico. Styrax conterminius Donn.-Sm. Bot. Gaz. 18: 5. 1893. 424 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31 This species is a good one and relatively easily distinguished. It is known to me from Mexico, Guatemala (type, Heyde & Lux 2915} and El Salvador. Styrax glabrescens Benth., PI. Hartw. 66. 1839. This species is like no other in Central America and is easily dis- tinguished by the imbricated, not valvate, corolla lobes. There are species in Mexico to which it is related. There is a minor pubes- cent variety in Mexico and it should be found in Guatemala. The typical variety is known from Mexico (from whence the type), Guate- mala and Costa Rica. Styrax glabrescens var. pilosa Perkins, Pflanzenr. IV. 241 : 72. 1907. S. pilosa Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23: 1129. 1924. The type of this Mexican variety no longer exists. An isotype, Galeotti 2852, is in Field Museum. It seems to be referable to S. argenteus Presl. Styrax guatemalensis Donn.-Sm. Bot. Gaz. 15: 27. 1890, de- scribed from Alta Verapaz is a synonym of S. glabrescens Benth. Styrax hintonii Bullock, Kew Bull. 1936: 9. 1936, collected by Hinton in Mexico is quite typical S. argenteus Presl. Styrax magnus Lundell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 66: 600. 1939, was collected on Tacana Volcano by Matuda, N 2982. It seems to be a large leafed form of S. argenteus. Styrax myristicifolius Perkins in Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 31: 481. 1902. Two specimens are cited in the original publication, Warsceivicz s.n. from Panama and Heyde & Lux 6182 from Guatemala. No type was chosen but a reference is made to a publication where the Heyde & Lux specimen is given. The specimens in the Berlin Herbarium no longer exist but it seems reasonable to select the Heyde & Lux collection as representing the type. / select Heyde & Lux 6182 from Guatemala and designate the specimen in Field Museum as lectotype! The species is a synonym of S. argenteus Presl. Styrax panamensis Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 121. 1916. WILLIAMS: TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, IX 425 I have seen no material of this species. Styrax pilosus (Perkins) Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23: 1 129. 1924. See S. glabrescens var. pilosus. Styrax polyanthus Perkins in Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 31 : 479. 1901. The type collection is Warscewicz 40 from Costa Rica or Panama. The type in the Berlin herbarium was destroyed. A photograph of of the type (Field Neg. 4320) and a fragment of the type is in Field Museum. It is designated lectotype. The name is a synonym of S. argenteus Presl. Styrax polyneurus Perkins ex Donn.-Sm. Bot. Gaz. 35: 5. 1903. The type collection is Tonduz 11744 from Costa Rica. A frag- ment is in Field Museum. The species is a synonym of S. argenteus Presl. Styrax punctatum Donn.-Sm. appears in the Gray card index, not DC. The name is not published but can be easily traced to S. myristicifolius Perkins, a synonym of S. argenteus Presl. Styrax punctatum DC. has been credited to Central America. It is Brazilian. Styrax vulcanicola Standl. & Steyerm. Field Mus. Bot. 22: 264. 1940. The type from Guatemala, Steyermark 36801, is an immature specimen with relatively large leaves. It is probably the same form as S. magnus Lundell and I believe it to be a synonym of S. argenteus Presl. Styrax warscewiczii Perkins in Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 31: 480. 1901. The type is Warscewicz 203 from Veraguas, Panama. I have seen no authentic material of the species. There are a number of Mexican species the names of which have never been applied to Central American specimens, nor could they have effect on the names used in "Flora of Guatemala": Styrax cy- athocalyx Perkins; S. diplotrichus Diels; S.jaliscanus S. Wats.; S. mi- cranthus Perkins; S. orizabensis Perkins; S. ramirezii Greenm. var. micranthus Perkins and var. orizabensis Perkins. INDEX COMPILED BY TERUA PIERSON WILLIAMS Synonyms in italics. Acacia cymbispina 119 sericea 119 subangulata 119 villosa 119 Acanthothamnus aphyllus 138 Achras zapota 64 Actinocheita filicina 119 Adenocalymna alboviolaceum 119 Agave karwinskii 111, 121, 135 kerchovei 129 macroacantha 121, 129 pacifica 135 rubescens 121, 135, 137 washingtoniensis 121 Agriculture, Tehuacan Valley 55 Alfalfa 72, 93 Alomia 25 microcarpa 27 pinetorum 25, 26 robinsoniana 27 wendlandii 27 Alsophila bicrenata 110 schiediana 110 Amaranth 76, 83 Aneilema karwinskyana 116 Animal husbandry 64 Anisacanthus gonzalezii 118 Anison 46 Anona 64 sp. 64 Anthericum durangense 128 leptophyllum 128 torreyi 128 Anthodiscus gutierrezii 22 peruanus 23 Apodanthera galeottii 128 Aracacha 84 Aralia guatemalensis 20 guatimalensis 20 Arbutus xalapensis 114 Arctostaphylos conzattii 114 pungens 114 Arenaria lycopodioides 114 Arecastrum romanzoffianum 153, 154 Ardisia liebmannii 112 Argemone mexicana 123 Arpophyllum spicatum 204 Arracacia annulata 46, 47 bracteata 48 donnell-smithii 48 nelsoni 48 rigida 48 Arundp donax 71 Asclepias circinalis 116 linaria 128 Aspidosperma cylindrocarpon 18 macrocarpon 18 Asplenium sessilifolium 112 Avacado 64 Ayenia fruticosa 121, 137 Bacopa monnieri 133 Barbosa pseudococos 153 Barley 87, 88, 95 Barrel cactus 58, 67, 116 Bathysa australia 44 multiflora 44 obovata 44 peruviana 44 Beans 60, 62, 64, 71, 76, 83, 84, 93 Beaucarnea gracilis 58, 125, 129, 137 Berendtiella laevigata 126 Blakea aeruginosa 35 florida 33, 34 gracilis 33, 34 litoralis 34 multiflora 33 Bletia purpurea 205 reflexa 205 tenuifolia 177, 205 Blue vetchling 88 Bocconia arborea 118 Bouteloua triaena 128 Bouvardia macilenta 110 ternifolia 114 Brahea dulcis 78, 124 Brassavola cucullata 201 nodosa 201 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31 Brassia caudata 215 maculata 216 verrucosa 216 Bulbophyllum pachyrhachis 206 Brumelia laetivirens 64 Burros 64, 67, 72 Bursera arida 121 submoniliforme 119 Cactus 57, 66, 109 Calliandra capillata 118 hirsuta 126 Calocarpum mammosum 64 Campy locentrum fasciola 220 hondurense 177, 220 micranthum 221 schiedei 221 Canavalia villosa 119 Candelabra cactus 121, 123 Candelilla 58 Candelillo 126 Cane 71, 72 Capirona de altura 45 Capsicum 80 Cardiospermum halicacabum 123 Cassia macdougliana 126 pringlei 119 Castela tortuosa 121 Catasetum integerrimum 207 Cathestecum erectum 130 Cattle 64, 67 Cattleya aurantiaca 201 skinneri 201 Cavendishia guatemalensis 169 var. chiapensis 169 Ceiba parvifolia 121, 122 Celastrus caseariifolius 23 molinae 23 Celtis pallida 119 Centropogon grandidentatus 110 Cephalocereus sp. 121 Cestrum fasciculatum 110 Chamisa amarilla 22 Cheilanthes microphylla 123 Chemical fertilizers 71, 94 Chickens 64 Chico zapote 64 Chilies 84 Chimaphila mexicana 169 umbellata mexicana 169 13 mexicana 169 var. mexicana 169 Chloris virgata 133 Cholulo 119 Chysis aurea 206 Clethra mexicana 109 pleoides 167, 168 Clidemia costaricensis 35 monantha 35 Cocos botryophora 153 coronata 153 datil 153 lapidea 153 martiana 153 Columnar cacti 117, 118 Commelina dianthefolia 123 erecta 123 Copaiba 32 Cordia brevispicata 121 cicatricosa 21 laeyoir 22 ripicola 22 stellata 121, 137 Corn 60, 62, 64, 66, 71, 76, 80 Coryanthes maculata 177, 209 Corymborchis flava 221 forcipigera 184 Cosmibuena grandiflora 45 matudae 45 ovalis 45 paludicola 45 Cotton 84, 97 Couepia polyandra 64 Crosspetalum subsessile 23 Croton ciliato-glandulosus 126 fragilis var. sericeous 121 incanus 126 morifolius var. obtusifolius 121 Cryptarrhena guatemalensis 219 lunata 219 Cryptophoranthus pectinatus 42 Cyrtopodium punctatum 206 Cuatchalalan 129 Cucurbita 78, 80, 95 mixima 79 mixta 79, 83 moschata 79, 91, 95 pepo 78, 79, 81, 83, 84, 91, 95 Cumala blanca 38 Cycnoches ventricosum 209 Dahlia scapigera var. australis 114 Dairy cattle 72 Dalea tuberculina 126 Dates 88 Diacrium bilamellatum 201 Dichaea hystricina 219 muricata var. neglecta 219 panamensis 219 Didymaea mexicana 116 Diospyrps ebenaster 64 Distichlis stricta 130 Ducks 64 Echeveria guatemalensis 116 minutiflora 130, 138 racemosa 116 subsessilis 137 Echinocactus grandis 58, 125, 128, 129 Echinodorus andrieuxii 17 Echinopterys lappula 121 Elleanthus caricoides 177, 181 linifolius 181 poiformis 181 INDEX Enantiophylla heydeana 48 Epidendrum alatum 193 anceps 193 aromaticum 193 atropurpureum 193 boothii 193 bractescens 194 ciliare 194 clowesii 194 cobanense 194 cochleatum 194 condylochilum 194 cristatum 195 cystosum 177, 195 difforme 196 diffusum 196 equitantifolium 177, 196 ibaguense 196 imatophyllum 197 ionophlebium 197 isomerum 197 longicaule 39 neurosum 197 nocturnum 197 oncidioides 198 paniculatum 198 parkinsonianum 198 pentotis 198 physodes 195, 198 polyanthum 198 pygmaeum 198 radiatum 199 rigidum 199 sculptum 177, 199 selligerum 200 stamfordianum 200 stenopetalum 200 strobiliferum 200 varicosum 200 vitellinum 116 Epistephium sp. 180 Equisetum giganteum 119 Erigeron karwinskyanus 114 Erythrina americana 118 Erythrodes purpurea 184 querceticola 184 Escontria chiotilla 121, 137 Eulophia alta 206 Euonymus costaricensis 24 Euphorbia antisyphilitica 58, 126, 130 revoluta 130 xantii 130 Eustoma exaltatum 133 Euterpe brachyspatha 7 williamsii 5, 6, 7 Exogonium sp. 112 Flax 88 Ferrocactus robustus 58, 125, 126, 137 Fertilizers 71, 94 Ficus cotinifolia 118 Fouquieria formosa 58, 120, 121, 125, 129 purpusii 129, 137 Fuchsia microphylla 112 Galeandra baueri 205 Garlic 64 Gaultheria chiapensis 170 cumingii 170 hartwegiana 171 hirtiflora 171 lancifolia 171 var. dulcis 171 nelsonii 171 odorata 170, 171, 172 parvifolia 114 tacanensis 171 Gaylussacia cor data 173 cordifolia 173 Geonoma molinae 7, 8 polyneura 8, 9 Geranium schiedianium 114 Goats 67, 73, 81 Gomphrena pringlei 130 Gongora maculata 209 Gonolobus fraternus 123 Gossypium hirsutum 84 Gourds 60, 64, 65, 76, 83, 92, 97 Govenia superba 207 utriculata 207 Grabowskia geniculatum 137 Grapes 88 Guajava 64 Habenaria bractescens 178 clypeata 178 cruegeri 178 distans 178 leprieurii 177, 178 mesodactyla 178 novemfida 179 pauciflora 179 repens 179 strictissima var. odontopetala 179 Haplophyton cinereum 121 Hasseltia psittacarum 28 Hechtia sp. 123 Hedyosmum mexicanum 25 Hesperothamnus purpusi 125 Hibiscus brasiliensis 121 elegans 126 Hillia maludae 45 Hintonia standleyana 120, 126 Hoffmanseggia pueblana 128 Hordeum vulgare var. pallidum 87 Huaca Prieta excavations, Chicama, Peru 79 Huarmicaspi 22 Hypolepsis repens 110 Inga paterno 118 lonopsis longicaulis 39 satyrioides 177, 214 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31 utricularioides 214 Ipomoea batatas 92 walcottiana 111 Iresine rotundifolia 121 Irrigation 68, 94 Irrigation systems 73 Isochilus linearis 112, 203 var. carnosiflorus 204 Jaquempntia smithii 130, 137 Jacquiniella globosa 203 Jatropha dioica 121, 129 neopauciflora 121, 138 spathulata 138 urens 116, 121 Jiotillo 121 Jitomate 64 Juliana adstringens 119, 129 Juncus aff. robustus 58, 130, 138 Kallstroemia parviflora 128 Kegeliella atropilosa 39, 40, 41 houtteana 41 Lacaena bicolor 41 nicaraguensis 41 Laelia digbyana 201 tibicinis 201 Laenaria siceraria 92 Lagenaria siceraria 83 Lamourouxia nelsoni 123 Lantana camara 123 Lasiocarpus ovalifolius 137 salicifolius 128 Lechuguilla 111, 121 Lecythis peruviana 30, 31 Lemaireocereus stellatus 121 weberi 118, 121 Lentil 88 Leochilus johnstonii 217 labiatus 217 scriptus 218 Lepanthes inaequalis 186 samacensis 186 turialvae 186 Leucaena puberulenta 129 pueblana 137 Liparia fantastica var. cordiformis 221 Lockhartia hercodonta 218 Loretoa peruviana 45 Luffa sp. 65 Lycaste aromatica 210 cruenta 210 Lycianthes ciliolatum 128 Lycopersicon esculentum 64 Lyonia squamulosa 114 Machimango bianco 30 Machin zapote 21 Macleania cordifolia var. linearifolia 172 insignis 172 var. linearifolia 172 linearifolia 172 racemosa 172 subracemosa 172 MacNeish, R. S. 59, 107 Maguey 66, 67, 76, 77, 78, 89, 94, 95 Maize 80, 81, 83, 84, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 97 wild 81 Malamujer 116, 121 Malaxis fastigiata 221 parthonii 193 Malea pilosa 173 Malpighia galeottiana 125 Mamey 64 Mammillaria 116 carnea 123 collina 127 napina 123 Mangifera indica 64 Mango 64 Manihot dulcis 84 pauciflora 121, 138 sp. 95 Marsdenia zimapanica 123 Masdevallia linearifolia 185 tubuliflora 186 Matisia bicolor 17, 21 rhombifolia 21 Martius s.n. 153 Maxillaria alba 210 crassifolia 210 cucullata 211 densa 211 elatior 211 friedrichsthalii 211 maleolens 221 pulchra 211 purpurea 212 ringens 212 rufescens 212 simulans 212 tenuifolia 212 uncata 213 variabilis 213 Meiracyllium trinasutum 201 Miconia spp. 112 Mikania cordifolia 112 Mimosa luisana 119 Mineral waters 68 Mollinedia pinchotiana 38 ruae 36, 37 Monotropa coccinae 112 Montane rainforest 109 Morkillia mexicana 120 Mormodes buccinator 207 Mormolyca ringens 213 Muhlenbergia tenuifolia 133 versicolor 114 Musa pardisiaca 64 sapientum 64 Myrtillocactus geometrizans 121 INDEX Nama hispida 29 Nicotiana glauca 123 rustica 84 tobacum 84 Notholaena Candida 123 sinuata 130 Notylia barkeri 218 Oak-pine forest 56, 59, 60, 109, 112 Oca 84 Ocampa Cave excavation, Tamaulipas, Mexico 79 Odontoglossum bictoniense 215 convallaripides 215 ehrenbergii 112 londesboroughianum 215 majale 215 pulchellum 215 rossii 215 Oenothera multicaulis 114 Olives 88 Oncidium ascendens 216 brachyandrum 216 carthagenense 216 cavendishianum 216 crista-galli 216 ensatum 216 luridum 217 pusillum 217 sphacelatum 217 Onions 64 Opuntia decumbens 123 hyptiacantha 121 pilifera 121 sp. 67, 77, 131 Oreopanax capita tus 21 geminatus 18 guatemalense 21 lacnocephalus 18, 19 obtusifolius 20 peltatus 18 Ornithocephalus bicornis 218 inflexus 218 iridifolius 218 Oxalis alpina 116 berlandieri 123 neaei 123 Oxen 64, 67, 72 Palm 124 Parathesis aff. chiapensis 118 Parthenium tomentosum 121 Passiflora adenopoda 112 Pea, field 88 Pectis canescens 123 Pedilanthus cymbifera 126, 137 Peperomia berlandieri 116 campylotropa 116 deppeana 112 reflexa 112 Peppers 60, 62, 64, 71, 93 Pernettya mexicana 114 Persia americana 64 Perymenium ova turn 121 Phalacraea wendlandii 27 Phaseolus 80 acutifolius var. latifolius 83 coccineus 112 lunatus 83 vulgaris 83 Phoradendron longifolium 116 Physalis sp. 64 Phytolacca rugosa 112 Pigs 64 Pine 112, 114 Pinguicula sp. 114 Pinus hartwegii 114 pseudostrobus var. apulcensis 114 Pithecolobium acatlense 129 Platano 64 Pleurothallis abjecta 186 angustisepala 192 blaisdellii 186 brighamii 186 ciliaris 187 compacta 187 gelida 177, 187 grobyi 188 hastata 188 helleriana 42, 44 hondurensis 188 lancilabris 189 lancilabris var. oxyglossa 188 lappiformis 42, 43 lewisae 189 matudiana 189 ovatilabia 177, 189 pansamalae 190 pardipes 192 pectinata 42 sertularioides 190 setosa 190 stenostachya 189, 190 testaefolia 42 tikalensis 177, 190, 191 tribuloides 192 yucatanensis 192 Pochote 121, 122 fiber 82 Polygala alba var. tenuifolia 128 obscura 128 Polypodium lowei 112 martensii 116 Polystachya clavata 204 masay crisis 205 Ponera striata 203 Potato 84, 91 Poultry farm 72 Pouteria campechiana var. salicifolia 64 Prescottia stachyodes 182 Prickly pear cacti 116 Pringleochloa stolonifera 133 Prunus barbata 109 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31 Psidium guajava 64 Psittacanthus calyculatus 123 Ptelea trifoliata 125 Pterostemon mexicanus 118 Puca-Quiro 18 Pucaquiru 18 Pumaquivu 18 Pumpkins 76, 83 Quararibea rhombifolia 21 Quercus brachystachya 114 obtusata 114 Quinoa 84 Ranunculus petiolaris 116 Rapanea jurgensii 109 Rhyticocos amara 150 Rivinia humilis 119 Salvia aspera 137 thymoides 126 Sanvitalia fruticosa 123, 137 Scaphyglottis behrii 202 cuneata 202 lindeniana 202 livida 202 major 177, 202 minutiflora 203 Sciadophyllum guatemalense 21 Sclerolobium micranthum 32 tinctorium 32 Sedges 114 Sedum muscoideum 114 Selaginella lepidophylla 123 Setchellanthus caeruleus 138 Sheep 67, 73, 81 Sieva bean 83 Silata 44 Smilax aristolochiaefolia 112 Sobralia amparoae 221 decora 182 fragrans 182 macrantha 182 mucronata 182 Solanum amazonicum 123 yerbascifolium 118 Spiranthes acaulis var. assurgens 182 adnata 183 bicaudata 44 costaricensis 44, 183 graminea 221 orchioides 183 pseudogoodyerioides 177, 183 rosulata 184 sceptrodes 221 seminuda 184 tortillis 184 Squash 60, 64, 76, 83, 91 Stanhopea ecornuta 209 oculata 209 Stelis aemula 185 ciliaris 185 gracilis 185 johnsonii 185 purpurascens 185 rubens var. oxypetala 185 Stipa ichu 114 Struthanthus deppeanus 116 inornus 138 Sugar cane 71, 93 Sunflower 83 Sweet potato 92, 97 Syagrus arenicola 158 argentea 158 botryophora 153, 155, 156, 157 brachyrhyncha 158 camposportoana 150, 152, 154 catechucarpa 158 chiragua 158 chloroleuca 158 cocoides 147 cogniauxiana 158 coronata 148, 149, 150, 151, 153 drudei 158 dyeriana 158 edulis 158 inajai 150, 153, 155, 156 X matafome 150, 152 picrophylla 149, 150 purusana 158 quinquefaria 148, 150 ruschiana 156 tostana 150, 151 treubiana 150 vagans 150, 152 wildemaniana 158 Talinum paniculatum 123 Tecoma stans 120, 125 Tecuahuile 119 Tempesquistle 64 Tepary bean 83 Ternstroemia tepezapote 109 Thevetia peruviana 120 Thorn-scrub 56, 57, 109 Thouinidium insigne 120 Tibouchina schiediana 112 Tillandsia recurvata 123 spp. 116, 119 Tobacco 84 Tomate 64 Tomato 60, 64, 84 Topobea aeruginosa 35 Tree ferns 109, 110 Trianthema portulacastrum 58, 130 Trichopilia marginata 221 Tridax procumbens 123 Trigonidium egertonianum 214 Triticum dicoccum 87 monococcum 87 polystachya 184 Tuna 67, 76, 77, 78, 94, 95, 121 de viboras 123 Turkeys 64 INDEX Usnea 116 Viola hookeriana 116 Virola kukachkana 38 Vaccinium angustifolium 173 officinalis 39 breedlovei 173, 174 confertum 114 Warrea costaricensis 177, 207, 208 cordatum 173 Wheat 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 95, 97 cordifolia 173 haematinum 173 Yuca 84 95 hondurense 173 Yucca pe riculosa 125, 137 leucanthum 173 Zanthoxylum anison 45 17 kellermannii 46 m Zapote amanllo 64 poasanum 174 H g ? ~n fiA stenophyllum 173 e >mno 64 df . longifolia 128 planifolia 180 Zexmenia pringlei 126 pompona 180 Zinowiewia maequif olia 24 Verbena canescens 128 Zizyphus pedunculata 119, 129 Publications 1045, 1046, 1047, and 1048 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA